Enforceability of contracts executed by using electronic means

GRATA International presents a comparative overview of the enforceability of contracts executed by using electronic means across multiple jurisdictions, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Philippines, Russia, Türkiye and Uzbekistan.

The publication explores the key legal and practical aspects of electronic contracting, including the use of scanned copies, electronic and facsimile signatures, contracts concluded through online platforms and mobile applications, and the requirements for executing contracts entirely electronically. It also highlights key risks for businesses, evidentiary issues in disputes, cases where a paper original or specific form of signature may still be required, and the consequences of a compromised electronic signature or account.

Read the full material:

You can view information on each country separately using the links in the list below.

List of countries and authors:

Armenia - Ani Hakobyan

Azerbaijan - Fidan Vahabova

Belarus - Veranika Klachko, Polina Sachava

Georgia - Ana Diasamidze

India - Aayushi Singh

Indonesia - Eddy Leks, Fitri Nabilla

Kazakhstan - Assel Gainedinova

Mongolia - Bolormaa Volodya, Khulan Ganbold, Baigali Battulga

Philippines - Krisanto Karlo Nicolas, Melissa Roe Mendoza

Russia - Alla Naglis, Vladislava Novokreshchenova, Marina Khasanova, Yulia Vyrypaeva

Türkiye - Kaan Gök, Aigerim Sabit Bıkmaz, Esra Dicle Bağlı

Uzbekistan - Javokhir Abdumalikov, Anora Turakhujaeva